Aristotle vs. Hobbes Equality Essay Essay Example

Aristotle vs. Hobbes: Equality Essay Paper Aristotle vs. Hobbes. constitutes a argument between two great minds from two deeply different periods of clip. Whereas Aristotle ( 384 – 322 BCE ) had been a portion of the Greek’s and more exactly. Athens’s Golden Age. Thomas Hobbes ( 1588 – 1679 ) had lived through the English Civil War of 1640s to go one of the most influential philosophers. Based on their ain personal experiences and milieus. both Aristotle and Hobbes had developed a position of what human equality should prolong. However. Hobbes’ apprehension of natural equality is preferred. as he provides society with the excess room for equality and chance that the topics of a good crowned head would see to be available to them. in comparing to Aristotle’s hierarchal division of people into natural higher-ups. inferiors and slaves. who are given really limited accomplishments and chances. Aristotle’s thought of equality would hold applied to all citizens who participate in the political life of the city state in which they live. We will write a custom essay sample on Aristotle vs. Hobbes: Equality Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Aristotle vs. Hobbes: Equality Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Aristotle vs. Hobbes: Equality Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer By making so. they would hold acquired the human virtuousnesss and excellences. every bit good as achieve their natural telos as a â€Å"political animal† ( Aristotle. p. 4 ) . Merely within a city state. citizens are able to take part and heighten their political and practical ground. therefore reach their human telos. As such. the city state is â€Å"among the things that exist by nature† ( Aristotle. p. 4 ) . and populating in one is the lone possible natural result for worlds. However. the term citizen in Aristotle’s position would non hold applied to everyone. but it would hold been instead limited within the city state. The city state had been formed as a family. a partnership between â€Å"persons who can non be without one another† ( Aristotle. 1252a27 ) and had later developed into a community of families. small towns. the telos of which consequences in a concatenation of small towns. city state. It had come into being to prolong our basic demands and it had stayed in order to back up a better manner of life. The family is the chief construction in the city state. which in fact provides citizens with the chance to hone their human virtuousnesss. Not merely is the family a subsidiary to the political establishment. but besides within itself it is wholly formed by unequal relationships – natural swayer vs. natural slave. hubby vs. married woman. parent vs. kid. â€Å"The slave is entirely missing the deliberative component ; the female has it but it lacks authorization ; the kid has it but it is incomplete† ( 1260a11 ) . Womans had non been allowed to vote during Aristotle’s clip and as such their natural telos would hold been different from that of the work forces. Together with the natural slaves. they would hold in different ways from one another. provided the work forces with the needed basic necessities to prolong life and therefore hold more clip to accomplish their telos as a â€Å"political animal† ( Aristotle. p. 4 ) . However. natural slaves would hold had no rights in comparing to the adult females. since the thought of an enslaved individual means that they are of course missing the rational powers and practical ground and therefore ought to be enslaved in order for them to carry through their natural telos as supplying for the natural swayer and giving their lives to humble responsibilities ( Aristotle. p. 15 ) . Natural slaves are animals that are of course inferior to citizens. who would supply the citizens with adequate clip to heighten their lives and use themselves towards accomplishing their telos – political enrichment. The adult male of the family. the natural swayer. is in fact the citizen. person who â€Å"shares in disposal of justness and in offices† ( Aristotle. p. 66 ) . has the leisure clip to take part in the political life of the city state. In fact. the good life for a citizen. described with Aristotle’s thoughts. would hold focused on developing oneself as a â€Å"political animal† ( Aristotle. p. 4 ) . Supplying pecuniary supplies for the family by the agencies of utilizing the exchange value of the merchandises should be merely to prolong the basic necessities and fulfill human life. Luxuries points and manner of life did non quality as fulfilling of one’s telos in the head of Aristotle. In fact. people would neer be satisfied with what they have. since the demand for more would increase with the ownerships owned ( Aristotle. p. 17-20 ) . That is why the lone manner for people to accomplish their higher virtuousness would hold been through political relations and practical ground. It is merely natural to believe that. as Aristotle points out. because no other being posses the ability to ground. Therefore. it is the citizens’ chief end in life. to accomplish the natural telos. the good life. by heightening more upon his political engagement ( Aristotle. p. 3-5 ) . The natural slaves. nevertheless. can non accomplish any such telos due to their natural damage and lower status to the citizen. Their natural intent in life is to function the swayer and supply for them. since the natural slave deficiencies such capablenesss as ground. â€Å"For he is a slave by nature who is capable of belonging to another – which is besides why he belongs to another – and who participates in ground merely to the extent of comprehending it. but does non hold it† ( 1254b16-23 ) . Normally. as Aristotle points out. natural slaves bread other natural slaves. although. sometimes higher-ups are known to hold natural slaves every bit good. However. he struggles to find whether the natural slave is in fact wholly rationally impaired and upon what grounds he should be enslaved. Therefore. this creates troubles when seeking to distinguish who should be enslaved. why and how to separate between a natural slave and a natural swayer. Aristotle seems to believe that the undertaking of separating natural slaves is far easier than idea. since all people have a natural disposition to be best in a certain undertaking that may non ever be political relations. Therefore. he believes that non all people should take part in the kingdom of political relations. since they would profit more to society and themselves if they concentrate on their domain of cognition alternatively. Hobbes’ thoughts of the equality. inequality and the good life. differs enormously from Aristotle’s thought of natural slaves and natural telos for citizens in the political life. For Hobbes. nevertheless. the thought of equality applies to everyone in the physical sense of the word. He views human existences as equality vulnerable to decease or be killed. and every bit eager to find their desires and effort to accomplish them ( Hobbes. p. 169-170 ) . Through the survey of Epistemology. the cognition of what we know. which we get thought our sense feelings. and Metaphysics. the thought that the lone things that exists in the existence are material and have mass. Hobbes is able do picture a really clear image of what human existences are like and where their motives originate. For Hobbes. worlds are ‘desiring machines’ . who are driven by enterprises. internal motions or emotions. which drives the human being â€Å"toward something which causes it. is called APPETITE. or DESIRE†¦ when the enterprise is from ward something. it is by and large called AVERSION† ( Hobbes. p. 140 ) . For Aristotle. the good of any citizen would be to take part in the political life of the city state. whereas the immorality is seen as the extra desire towards geting more goods for pecuniary exchange. However. Hobbes disagrees and in fact Tells us that worlds are wanting machines. therefore motivated by their enterprises towards certain things. as such. â€Å"the object of any man’s appetency or desire. that is it which he for his portion calleth good: and the object of his hatred and antipathy. evil ; and his disdain. vile and inconsiderable† ( Hobbes. p. 141 ) . Such basic elements of emotions are described to be really visibly in the ‘state of nature’ . which Hobbes describes as neither historical nor realistically accurate topographic point. but instead logically accurate as it represents the construction and jobs from the nature of the human existences. a province of being outside any political system or authorization. In this province of nature. all individuals are physically and of course equal to each other. All human existences portion equal exposure to be killed and die. every bit good as equal hope to accomplish their ends or desires. Due to this equality. nevertheless. distrust rises between two parties in a state of affairs where they have a common desire for the same mercenary good. â€Å"if any two work forces desire the same thing. which however they can non both enjoy. they become enemies ; and in the manner to the terminal. ( which is chiefly their ain preservation. and sometimes their delight only. ) enterprise to destruct. or subdue one another† ( Hobbes. p. 170 ) . This leads to the province of war. which in no manner is merely described by conflicts and contending. but â€Å"in the known temperament thereto† ( Hobbes. p. 171 ) . Indifferent to the cause of war. which can be competitions. self-doubt or glorification: [ T ] here is no topographic point for industry†¦ no Culture of the Earth ; no Navigation†¦ no convenient Building ; no instruments of moving†¦ no Knowledge of the face of the Earth ; no history of Time ; no Arts ; no Letters ; no Society ; and which is worst of all. continual feare. danger of violent decease ; And the life of adult male. lone. poore. awful. brutish. and short ( Hobbes. p. 170-171. quotation mark as written from Sparksnotes. com ) . In Hobbes’ theory about the ‘state of nature’ . there is nil unfair. there are no societal contracts that can non be crossed because there is no higher power to implement any sort of penalty. It is in fact the fright of decease and desire to get more objects as to do life more comfy. which drives people to accomplish and seek peace. Humans’ are in fact bound by the Torahs of nature to prolong their lives. seek peace. contract by the manner of peace and maintain the compacts ( Hobbes. p. 172 ) . It is in their best involvement to remain alive and be provided with comfy lives. As such. people need Torahs. person to make them and person to implement them. The best result for Hobbes would be that all people give up their rights to a crowned head. higher power given to one individual who would maintain his topics alive and supply them with the basic necessities for life. Equally shortly as the autonomous sets in power. nevertheless. the equality equation alterations instantly. Whereas all worlds were to be equal to each other. they became topics to a superior swayer. whose regulation is to stay undisputed and undisturbed. as his chief intent is to set up and keep peace. Therefore. equality for Hobbes does non needfully intend political equality and rights for everyone. It merely represents the physical similarity among worlds to decease and be killed. and the equal right for everyone to take and accomplish a end. In fact. the good life for Hobbes. is within a province of inequality. under the regulation of crowned head. a higher power. which can prolong order and peace among the savage-like worlds. who are bound to mistrust and come in in the province of war. when there is no political authorization nowadays. Worlds are known to be ‘desiring machines’ . looking after their ain opportunism. fulfilling merely their ain enterprises. with a chief intent to keep their lives and prolong a comfy manner of life. Hobbes’ thought of equality is in fact more appealing than Aristotle’s hierarchal construction within the family and city state. Whereas Aristotle defines worlds are of course superior or inferior. Hobbes gives an equal start to everyone sing their physical exposure and ability to find their ain good and get it. In Hobbes’ version of equality. the topics of the crowned head do in fact give up a batch of their rights and free some autonomies. However. in the instance of a good crowned head their lives would be better off under a common regulation that will supply them with peace and the needed basic necessities. It would besides give them the excess room for chances and personal development. The good life for Hobbes is described by a set of people. peacefully connected within a society. ruled by a good crowned head. where all are sustained and provided for. Under an Aristotelean regulation. the topics would hold limited accomplishments that would hold been predestined base on their societal position. As Aristotle points out. natural slaves collapsible shelter to bread more natural slaves and therefore the rhythm of limited chances can non be broken. Merely citizens can take part in the political ream. although. even so some of them do non. Some have a limited ability to develop practical ground in comparing to some other domains that they might be more interested in. In other words. Aristotle’s. equality applies merely to those who experience some kind of political regulation. All others are at that place to supply them with the leisure clip and basic necessities to prolong life. Aristotle’s thought of a good life is available merely to the chosen few citizens who can take part in political relations. Everyone else experience a telos that is non as fulfilling. Aristotle’s thought of natural human telos. natural slave and natural swayer provides an penetration to the period of clip. during which he has lived. It is an thought of societal inequality that provides the good ‘ends’ merely to the few citizens who can accomplish it through their family and their practical logical thinking. The remainder of the members of that society are simply the suppliers and subsidiaries to the political kingdom. Hobbes’ theory on equality. nevertheless. provides all human existences with the same base – ‘We are all equal because we can all kill each other and we all want to find what is good for us. ‘ He gives humans the rubric of ‘desiring machines’ . which satisfy their ain demands and opportunisms. Because such behavior leads to war-like conditions. Hobbes believes that through fright of decease and desire of more ownerships. people would seek peace on their ain. and as a consequence subdue their rights to a crowned head. However. Hobbes’ apprehension of natural equality is preferred. as he provides society with the excess room for equality and chance that the topics of a good crowned head would see to be available to them. in comparing to Aristotle’s hierarchal division of people into natural higher-ups. inferiors and slaves. who are given really limited accomplishments and chances Hobbes. Thomas. Leviathan. Modern Political Thought – Readings from Machiavelli to Nietzsche. Ed. David Wooton. Hackett Publishing Company. Inc. : Indianapolis/Cambridge. 1996. Aristotle. The Politics. C. D. C. Reeve. Hackett Publishing Company. Inc. : Indianapolis/Cambridge.

The period of absolutism

The period of absolutism The period of absolutism refers to the exercise of monarchial power which was never questioned by other social institutions like the legislature and the church. The monarchs mainly reigned from the early period of the seventeenth century up to the end of the nineteenth century.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The period of absolutism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Absolutism entailed ending the feudal partitioning, emergence of state power, harmonization of state laws, and there was also a decline in the power of the nobility. Many scholars contend that the French Revolution marked the end of the monarch in Europe or the early modern European period. This paper seeks to analyze the monarchy with specific reference to France and Mughal Empires respectively. The paper will explore the development of absolutism in each case after which there will be a conclusion to contrast the practice of absolutism in both cases. Th e exercise of absolute monarchy in the French territory began in the16th century, and it was preceded by the era of renaissance monarchy that was exercised on the basis of political consensus among the social classes and the monarch. France during the sixteenth century experienced numerous conflicts that occurred due to the establishment of Calvinism. During this period, French kings struggled to increase their power and this culminated to the rise of royal absolutism. In 1661 Louis XIV took over the French monarchy. He was in power from 1643 till 1715. During his reign, France became the most influential nation in the whole of Europe after supplanting Spain. The long reign of Louis XIV marked the pinnacle of royal absolutism, and he encouraged other monarchs to embrace his way of leadership. The beginning of French absolutism is associated with Henry IV’s reign. He ruled from 1589 to 1610. Before 1589, France had been plagued by a series of religious conflicts especially bet ween the Catholics and their Protestant counterparts. Other political factions also engaged in these wars. These wars greatly affected the stability of France. Therefore, when Henry started exercising his authority, he was determined to end the chaos and restore stability in France. In this regard, Henry IV formulated new plans that would foster social economic prosperity. He also made arrangements on how to secure France from external aggression. Nonetheless, he was assassinated in 1610 when he was planning to attack his rivals.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marie de Medicos’, who was Henry IV’s wife reigned for several years as a regent for Louis XIII who was then their young son. Marie was able to challenge her opponents, but she did very little to strengthen the monarchy. In 1624, Cardinal Richelieu was appointed chief minister and he soon begun wielding hi s authority behind the throne. He had a twofold plan for developing a supreme royal power and also to make France occupy a dominant position in Europe. With his full control of the royal army, he destroyed all the king’s opponents. In order to destabilize local units of political authority, Richelieu came up with thirty administrative districts and each was ruled by an authoritative intend ant that was answerable to the throne. Finally, he subjected France to thirty years of conflict with Germany. In this case, he aimed at weakening Habsburg. Richelieu managed to have a firm grip on the royal power by 1642 when he died. Besides this, he managed to fulfill his dream of elevating France to a dominant position in Europe. Cardinal Jules Mazarin succeeded Richelieu. In order to elevate his status, Louis XIV introduced several construction projects that led to the popularity of his government. His new palace was one of his greatest architectural projects. In 1682, he relocated to V ersailles. Initially, it was not easy to exercise absolutism monarchy in France due to the following reasons. First, the nobles had the chance to build private armies and fortifications. Secondly, lesser kings who were literate had the chance to become agents of the king. They dispensed justice and collected taxes on behalf of the king, and this gave them some authority. In order to consolidate his power, Louis XIV employed the following strategies in his administration. He limited the authority of the nobles by ensuring that they at least stayed in Versailles for a period of time annually. He used this as a strategy to closely monitor the nobles so that they could not conspire to topple him. In addition to this, he also abolished Protestantism.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The period of absolutism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This led to the migration of Protestants to other places which still allowed the pr actice of Protestantism. As they migrated, they spread their civilization in other territories. Louis XIV was also determined to expand his frontiers in Europe. Absolutism became very strong during the reign of Louis XIV. The Mughal Empire occupied a dominant position in India from the second phase of the 16th century until the first half of the 18th century. It was established from 1526 and it survived up to 1858, when the British Raj supplanted it. â€Å"While many monarchs strived to centralize their powers, authoritative rulers emerged in Asian territories†. With time, the emperors became stable enough to challenge western powers. Even though the Mughals never focused much on international trade, they however allowed business revenue into their treasuries. Mughal Empire reached its height during Aurangzeb’s leadership. Following his death in 1707, his regime was weakened by a series of several military campaigns, corruption, and killing of the Hindus. â€Å"As the Mughal Empire disintegrated his rivals quickly took over power and by mid 18th century, the land controlled by Aurangzeb’s successors had dwindled to Delhi†. The Mughal Empire had remarkable contributions in art and architecture. From the above discussion on the Empire of France and Mughal, it can be concluded that that they were both ruled by authoritative kings who were mainly concerned with consolidating their power and influence over their subjects. These two societies were both stratified with the nobles occupying the administrative positions. Most of the kings in France were keen on expanding their territories, and this always subjected them into a series of military campaigns with their neighboring countries. However, the Mughal Empire under the governance of Aurangzeb was not keen on territorial expansion as compared to France under the rule of Louis XIV.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Even though absolute monarchy existed in France and Mughal Empires, it was more entrenched in the former than in the latter. â€Å"The end of the early modern is usually also associated with the industrial revolution which began in Britain in the mid 18th century†. The history of the early modern period as a whole therefore enables us to have a better understanding of the social and political developments of various European societies. Cameron, Euan. Early Modern Europe: An Oxford History. London: Oxford University Press, 1999. Sherman, Dennis and Joyce Salisbury. The West in the World, Volume II: From 1600. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2010.

Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 3

Human Rights - Essay Example Further, Section 3, sub section 2, delineated that the validity of this provision of legislation applies to such kind of primary legislation, which could be state courts of member countries, but in no way, could impinges upon enforcement and operation ability of existing laws, that are not in consistency with laws of the ECHR, or in the enforcement of inconsistent lower legislation, should the primary legislation not be competent enough, to take cognisance of such secondary legislation enforcement. Thus effectively, it is seen that apropos HRA 1998, British Courts are themselves required to act compatibly with the Convention, thus putting broader responsibility on them to incorporate and apply the Convention and its elucidation by the European Court of Human Rights. UK courts are also privileged to amend specific provisions of UK laws to make them in line with European Convention, provided it does not disagree with the express intentions of UK Parliament.  2 The main idea behind this however, is that that secondary laws in countries could still co-exist, independent of the fact that ECHR laws are inconsistent with them, or cannot be enforced in certain contexts. 3 Normally it is seen that in case of European Convention laws clashing with State or domestic laws, it is necessary for local laws to be amended in order to provide for implementation of EC laws and conventions. But perhaps this is not applicable in the case of ECHR laws which deal with Human rights. But in the cases of ECHR, it is believed that the verdicts of national courts determine internal laws, and it is to these decisions that law of precedents need to be applied. Therefore, the application of European laws needs to respect the framework of domestic and local laws in its installation and enforcement of diktats. 4 The ECHR broadly lays down the various articles that underpin the enforcement of various human right laws in the United Kingdoms and

The more advances that are made in Medicine, the more things stay the Scholarship Essay - 1

The more advances that are made in Medicine, the more things stay the same. Discuss - Scholarship Essay Example This paper argues out this concept by giving the several impacts of the advancement of medicine on patients in the society. This will create the basis of the argument to verify its credibility. The paper will analyze both the positive and negative effects of advancement of medicine in the society today by looking at various situational cases where advanced medical services are used. The results of the use of advanced medical services lay the foundation of this argument considering its positivity and negativities. Because of the availability of medical equipment for research and treatment, researchers in the field of medicine have come up with different kinds of medicines which cure various diseases (Alyson, 2014). They have also been able to study complicated diseases in the recent years and have found the cure for some chronic diseases. Biotechnology is a great advancement in the field of medicine making it easy for people to live with chronic diseases. It prolongs the life of people suffering from serious and chronic illnesses by controlling of diseases or the virus in the body of patients. An example is dealing with patients suffering from cancer. Biotechnology has given hope to such patients by controlling the disease through chemotherapy hence prolonging their life span. The use of plastic body parts has also helped individuals to live a normal life (Catalunya, 2014). An example is patients suffering from breast cancer and has lost a part of her breast. Plastic breasts can be used to al low her live a normal life like any other woman. The advancement of medicine in the world today is due to the evolvement of technology as it improves to make solving problems today an easy task. There are various advancements in medicine today and a majority of them are influenced by the availability of advanced technology in the health sector. Medical advancements are aimed at

Chinese Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chinese - Movie Review Example He is a son to one of the local rich in the area. His father is also a compulsive gambler, and lost his family property to Long’er who is also a gambler. Fugui’s behaviors and characters also make Jiazhen, his long suffering wife to leave him, together with their daughter and unborn son. This paper will look into succinct analysis of the movie, considering the political aspect depicted in the film, for instance, war in China (Yimou). Chinese civil war takes place and Chunsheng and Fugui get conscription into Kuomingtang during one of the performances. He leaves his family behind and his only daughter becomes dumb due cold fever when he is away. From this, it is evident that conscription into the military or any other related activity in China was a mandatory during the time the film was shot. It is also evident in the Chinese society that rich people are considered anti-revolutionary and executed. An example is the murder of Long’er who had just acquired his wealth through gambling with Fugui. The government also claims unlawful possession of individual wealth. When Long’er shows his unwillingness to donate his wealth to the public, he is considered an enemy to revolution and is executed immediately(Yimou). War between China and Taiwan is also depicted in the film. The local chiefs are charged with a responsibility of informing the people to collect all their iron materials for refinement and manufacture of steel weapons for fighting the Taiwanese. This is a depiction of long time rift and disagreement between the two Asian nations. Another aspect of political dominion, in China, during the 1994 is that of strictness in the education policies. Youking is killed because of not getting up early for school. The government blindly believes that it is only through education that revolution can be achieved in China. Cogently reasoning, it is quite illogical imprudent to terminate the life of a young

Mycoplasma vs Mycobacterium

Mycoplasma vs Mycobacterium Mycobacteria are aerobic and slender, curved rod shaped species. Since they are aerobic they like to live in areas where oxygen levels are high; such as, apical or upper part of the lungs. Thus, a decrease in oxygen concentration can be dangerous for these organisms. On the other hand, Mycoplasma is a bacterial genus that has more than 100 species. It was first described in the late 1800s and members of this genus are very tiny. Even though most of the species of this genus are harmless, there are some that appear to be virulent and thus are responsible for specific medial conditions in humans (1). Mycobacteria cell wall is composed of waxes and mycolic acids, which makes them resistant to Gram staining; however, they can be stained acid-fast. Whereas, Mycoplasmas are gram negative bacteria and one interesting characteristic of these bacteria is that they dont have a cell wall; which gives them an elastic shape that can vary easily (1). The unusual cell wall of Mycobacterium and the absence of cell wall in Mycoplasmas make them invulnerable to many drugs. Plus, both, Mycobacterium and Mycoplasma, grow very slow, this also accounts for the long time to make observable colonies on laboratory media. Both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycoplasma pneumoniae are pathogenic bacterial species that causes respiratory tract disease. The disease that Mycobacterium tuberculosis cause is called tuberculosis and Mycoplasma pneumoniae are responsible for causing mild upper respiratory tract infection known as atypical pneumonia. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was first discovered in 1882 by Robert Koch and it belongs to the genus Mycobacterium; whereas, Mycoplasma pneumoniae belong to genus Mycoplasma. Atypical pneumonia symptoms are different from typical pneumonia. In addition, sometimes patients dont even have any symptoms related to the respiratory tract. Frequently, patients remain ambulatory, therefore this condition is also sometimes called walking pneumonia. Tuberculosis (TB) is spread from person to person via air. If a person, who has TB, coughs, sneezes, or speaks, he can put M. tuberculosis into the air. If nearby people breathe in these bacteria they can become infected. On the other hand, Mycoplasma pneumoniae is also transmitted from one person to another through close personal contact by respiratory droplets. Symptoms, such as fever, chest pain and cough, can be seen after the organism is in the hosts system for 12 to 14 days. Common characteristics of walking pneumonia are that the size of alveoli is decreased due to inward swelling of the alveolar walls and alveoli dont fill with fluid. Whereas a typical pathogenesis for tuberculosis is that once the bacteria are inhaled, they start dividing at a very slow pace inside the cells (white blood cells) that have phagocytized them. They then educe a host response such as infiltration of neutrophil and accumulation of fluid in the alveoli of the lung. The neutrophils are ruptured and destroyed by the organisms. Then, macrophages and lymphocytes come to the alveoli and phagocytize living tubercle bacilli. These organisms again divide within the new host cell and destroy it; as the phagocytes rupture they release infective organisms. This process goes on until enough cells have been ruptured and an acute inflammatory response has occurred. If lesions are not healed, they can result in tissue necrosis or harden to become chronic granulomas, also known as tubercles. These tubercles may contain live tubercle bacilli or macrophages, and lung tissues and function in these areas are permanently destroyed. Also, some tubercle bacil li can also enter lymphatic and circulatory system. They spread through the body and form numerous lesions; this condition is called military tuberculosis Tuberculosis and walking pneumonia can be diagnosed in a clinical sample such as sputum; however, since the bacteria grow very slowly sputum culturing process can take weeks before it is declared negative. Other options for diagnosis of tuberculosis are X-rays or skin test and for walking pneumonia other serologic tests are ELISA, indirect immunofluorescence, etc. But usually treatment is given based on clinical symptoms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae dont possess a cell wall which results in osmotic instability, so they utilize sterol in their membrane for structural support. However, survival without a cell wall is not a problem for these organisms, because they live in an animal (human) host, which is osmotically stable (2). M. pneumoniae are invulnerable to B-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin, because they disturb the cell wall and these microorganisms dont have a cell wall (2). So drugs, such as azithromycine or fluroquinolone, are used to fight these microorganisms. On the other hand, Mycobacteria unusual cell wall hinders the access of drugs and makes many antibiotics ineffective. However, drugs such as isoniazid and rifampicin can be given to the patients for at least one year. In addition, bacillus of Calmette and Guà ©rin (BCG) vaccine is world-widely used to prevent tuberculosis, but there is no vaccine currently available for walking pneumonia. Thus to prevent atypical pneumonia close contac t with infected people is avoided. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is one of the smallest bacterial pathogen from the genus Mycoplasma. This microorganism is responsible for causing mild upper respiratory tract infection known as atypical pneumonia. This type of pneumonia has symptoms that are different from the typical pneumonia. In addition, sometimes patients dont even have any symptoms related to the respiratory tract. Frequently, patients remain ambulatory, therefore this condition is also sometimes called walking pneumonia. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is transmitted from one person to another via respiratory droplets. Symptoms, such as fever, chest pain and cough, can be seen after the organism is in the hosts system for 12 to 14 days. Common characteristics of walking pneumonia are that the size of alveoli is decreased due to inward swelling of the alveolar walls and alveoli dont fill with fluid. Atypical pneumonia is diagnosed by isolating M. pneumoniae from sputum or from a nasopharyngeal swab; however, since these bacteria grow very slowly this process can take up to 3 weeks. There are other serologic tests such as ELISA, indirect immunofluorescence, etc., but usually treatment is given based on clinical symptoms. These microorganisms dont possess a cell wall which results in osmotic instability, so they utilize sterol in their membrane for structural support. However, survival without a cell wall is not a problem for these organisms, because they live in an animal (human) host, which is osmotically stable (2). M. pneumoniae are invulnerable to B-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin, because they disturb the cell wall and these microorganisms dont have a cell wall (2). So drugs, such as azithromycine or fluroquinolone, are used to fight these microorganisms. Plus, currently there is no vaccine available, thus to prevent atypical pneumonia avoid close contact with infected people. References What is Mycoplasma? WiseGEEK: clear answers for common questions. Web. 16 Feb. 2010. . M. pneumoniae. Index of /. Web. 17 Feb. 2010. .

Admissions Essay - Ugandan Culture and Medicine :: Medicine College Admissions Essays

Admissions Essay - Ugandan Culture and Medicine My trip to Uganda proved to be an extremely rewarding experience. We spent the first part of the Crossroads program at Hofstra University in Long Island for a two-day orientation, during which we met our group members and shared our interests and experiences. After knowing each other for only 48 hours we embarked upon our "journey". We flew from New York to London, to Entebbe airport, roughly one hour from the capital, Kampala. The next morning we met with officials from PDR (Program for Development and Rehabilitation) who gave us a few guidelines about our project and helped sensitize us to the culture and the history of Uganda. That same day we drove to Luwero (roughly 50 miles from Kampala) to meet our host community and "get settled in". The clergy members with whom we spoke were overwhelmingly friendly, and went out of their way to make us feel welcome. The Bishop of Luwero was kind enough to have a guesthouse ready for us. Having expected that each of us would be staying with a separate family, living in our own house with mattress beds and electricity came as somewhat of a shock. Though I wish I could have had the experience of staying with a Ugandan family, our living arrangements worked out quite well. We were able to do our own cooking, use charcoal stoves, and wash our own laundry by hand. Though we were originally supposed to be stationed at Kiwoko Hospital, roughly 8 miles from Luwero, the Church of Uganda made last minutes changes in the program. We spent the first two weeks visiting various health centers in Luwero. Given our limited medical experience, we weren't able to provide much help to the patients in terms of medical care. However we did gain a great deal of experience by talking to the medical staff and observing local healthcare practices. One of the wards at Kasana Health Center was dedicated entirely to testing and counseling for AIDS patients. Talking to these patients and the counselors proved to be extremely fascinating. On one occasion a group of HIV patients set up a dance/performance aimed at conveying the experience of the disease through dancing and music. We were able to visit Kiwoko Hospital during the third week of our trip, however. Most of our time there was spent shadowing doctors (most of them Ugandan) and observing surgeries.

The Host Chapter 27: Undecided

I felt my way back to my prison hole. It had been weeks and weeks since I'd been down this particular corridor; I hadn't been back since the morning after Jared had left and Jeb had set me free. It seemed to me that while I lived and Jared was in the caves, this must be where I belonged. There was no dim light to greet me now. I was fairly sure I was in the last leg-the turns and twists were still vaguely familiar. I let my left hand drag against the wall as low as I could reach, feeling for the opening as I crept forward. I wasn't decided on crawling back inside the cramped hole, but at least it would give me a reference point, letting me know that I was where I meant to be. As it happened, I didn't have the option of inhabiting my cell again. In the same moment that my fingers brushed the rough edge at the top of the hole, my foot hit an obstacle and I stumbled, falling to my knees. I threw my hands out to catch myself, and they landed with a crunch and a crackle, breaking through something that wasn't rock and didn't belong here. The sound startled me; the unexpected object frightened me. Perhaps I'd made a wrong turn and wasn't anywhere near my hole. Perhaps I was in someone's living space. I ran through the memory of my recent journey in my head, wondering how I could have gotten so turned about. Meanwhile, I listened for some reaction to my crashing fall, holding absolutely still in the darkness. There was nothing-no reaction, no sound. It was only dark and stuffy and humid, as it always was, and so silent that I knew I must be alone. Carefully, trying to make as little noise as possible, I took stock of my surroundings. My hands were stuck in something. I pulled them free, tracing the contours of what felt like a cardboard box-a cardboard box with a sheet of thin, crackly plastic on top that my hands had fallen through. I felt around inside the box and found a layer of more crackly plastic-small rectangles that made a lot of noise when I handled them. I retreated quickly, afraid of drawing attention to myself. I remembered that I'd thought I'd found the top of the hole. I searched to my left and found more stacks of cardboard squares on that side. I tried to find the top of the stack and had to stand in order to do so-it was as high as my head. I searched until I found the wall, and then the hole, exactly where I'd thought it was. I tried to climb in to ascertain if it really was the same place-one second on that bowed floor and I would know it for certain-but I could not get any farther than the opening. It, too, was crammed full of boxes. Stymied, I explored with my hands, moving back out into the hall. I found I could go no deeper down the passageway; it was entirely filled with the mysterious cardboard squares. As I hunted along the floor, trying to understand, I found something different from the crowd of boxes. It was rough fabric, like burlap, a sack full of something heavy that shifted with a quiet hissing sound when I nudged it. I kneaded the sack with my hands, less alarmed by the low hiss than by the plastic crackle-it seemed unlikely that this sound would alert anyone to my presence. Suddenly, it all came clear. It was the smell that did it. As I played with the sand-like material inside the bag, I got an unexpected whiff of a familiar scent. It took me back to my bare kitchen in San Diego, to the low cupboard on the left side of the sink. In my head I could see so clearly the bag of uncooked rice, the plastic measuring cup I used to dole it out, the rows of canned food behind it†¦ Once I realized that I was touching a bag of rice, I understood. I was in the right place after all. Hadn't Jeb said they used this place for storage? And hadn't Jared just returned from a long raid? Now everything the raiders had stolen in the weeks they'd been gone was dumped in this out-of-the-way place until it could be used. Many thoughts ran through my head at once. First, I realized that I was surrounded by food. Not just rough bread and weak onion soup, but food. Somewhere in this stack, there could be peanut butter. Chocolate chip cookies. Potato chips. Cheetos. Even as I imagined finding these things, tasting them again, being full for the first time since I'd left civilization, I felt guilty for thinking of it. Jared hadn't risked his life and spent weeks hiding and stealing to feed me. This food was for others. I also worried that perhaps this wasn't the entire haul. What if they had more boxes to stow? Would Jared and Kyle be the ones to bring them? It didn't take any imagination at all to picture the scene that would result if they found me here. But wasn't that why I was here? Wasn't that exactly what I'd needed to be alone to think about? I slouched against the wall. The rice bag made a decent pillow. I closed my eyes-unnecessary in the inky darkness-and settled in for a consultation. Okay, Mel. What now? I was glad to find that she was still awake and alert. Opposition brought out her strength. It was only when things were going well that she drifted away. Priorities, she decided. What's most important to us? Staying alive? Or Jamie? She knew the answer. Jamie, I affirmed, sighing out loud. The sound of my breath whispered back from the black walls. Agreed. We could probably last awhile if we let Jeb and Ian protect us. Will that help him? Maybe. Would he be more hurt if we just gave up? Or if we let this drag on, only to have it end badly, which seems inevitable? She didn't like that. I could feel her scrambling around, searching for alternatives. Try to escape? I suggested. Unlikely, she decided. Besides, what would we do out there? What would we tell them? We imagined it together-how would I explain my months of absence? I could lie, make up some alternative story, or say I didn't remember. But I thought of the Seeker's skeptical face, her bulging eyes bright with suspicion, and knew my inept attempts at subterfuge would fail. They'd think I took over, Melanie agreed. Then they'd take you out and put her in. I squirmed, as if a new position on the rock floor would take me further away from the idea, and shuddered. Then I followed the thought to its conclusion. She'd tell them about this place, and the Seekers would come. The horror washed through us. Right, I continued. So escape is out. Right, she whispered, emotion making her thought unstable. So the decision is†¦ quick or slow. Which hurts him less? It seemed that as long as I focused on practicalities I could keep at least my side of the discussion numbly businesslike. Melanie tried to mimic my effort. I'm not sure. On the one hand, logically, the longer the three of us are together, the harder our†¦ separation would be for him. Then again, if we didn't fight, if we just gave up†¦ he wouldn't like that. He'd feel betrayed by us. I looked at both sides she'd presented, trying to be rational about it. So†¦ quick, but we have to do our best not to die? Go down fighting, she affirmed grimly. Fighting. Fabulous. I tried to imagine that-meeting violence with violence. Raising my hand to strike someone. I could form the words but not the mental picture. You can do it, she encouraged. I'll help you. Thanks, but no thanks. There has to be some other way. I don't get you, Wanda. You've given up on your species entirely, you're ready to die for my brother, you're in love with the man I love who is going to kill us, and yet you won't let go of customs that are entirely impractical here. I am who I am, Mel. I can't change that, though everything else may change. You hold on to yourself; allow me to do the same. But if we're going to – She would have continued to argue with me, but we were interrupted. A scuffing sound, shoe against rock, echoed from somewhere back down the corridor. I froze-every function of my body arrested but my heart, and even that faltered jaggedly-and listened. I didn't have long to hope that I'd just imagined the sound. Within seconds, I could hear more quiet footsteps coming this way. Melanie kept her cool, whereas I was lost to panic. Get on your feet, she ordered. Why? You won't fight, but you can run. You have to try something-for Jamie. I started breathing again, keeping it quiet and shallow. Slowly, I rolled forward till I was on the balls of my feet. Adrenaline coursed through my muscles, making them tingle and flex. I would be faster than most who would try to catch me, but where would I run to? â€Å"Wanda?† someone whispered quietly. â€Å"Wanda? Are you here? It's me.† His voice broke, and I knew him. â€Å"Jamie!† I rasped. â€Å"What are you doing? I told you I needed to be alone.† Relief was plain in his voice, which he now raised from the whisper. â€Å"Everybody is looking for you. Well, you know, Trudy and Lily and Wes-that everybody. Only we're not supposed to let anyone know that's what we're doing. No one is supposed to guess that you're missing. Jeb's got his gun again. Ian's with Doc. When Doc's free, he'll talk to Jared and Kyle. Everybody listens to Doc. So you don't have to hide. Everybody's busy, and you're probably tired†¦Ã¢â‚¬  As Jamie explained, he continued forward until his fingers found my arm, and then my hand. â€Å"I'm not really hiding, Jamie. I told you I had to think.† â€Å"You could think with Jeb there, right?† â€Å"Where do you want me to go? Back to Jared's room? This is where I'm supposed to be.† â€Å"Not anymore.† The familiar stubborn edge entered his voice. â€Å"Why is everyone so busy?† I asked to distract him. â€Å"What's Doc doing?† My attempt was unsuccessful; he didn't answer. After a minute of silence, I touched his cheek. â€Å"Look, you should be with Jeb. Tell the others to stop looking for me. I'll just hang out here for a while.† â€Å"You can't sleep here.† â€Å"I have before.† I felt his head shake in my hand. â€Å"I'll go get mats and pillows, at least.† â€Å"I don't need more than one.† â€Å"I'm not staying with Jared while he's being such a jerk.† I groaned internally. â€Å"Then you stay with Jeb and his snores. You belong with them, not with me.† â€Å"I belong wherever I want to be.† The threat of Kyle finding me here was heavy on my mind. But that argument would only make Jamie feel responsible for protecting me. â€Å"Fine, but you have to get Jeb's permission.† â€Å"Later. I'm not going to bug Jeb tonight.† â€Å"What is Jeb doing?† Jamie didn't answer. It was only at that point I realized he had deliberately not answered my question the first time. There was something he didn't want to tell me. Maybe the others were busy trying to find me, too. Maybe Jared's homecoming had returned them to their original opinion about me. It had seemed that way in the kitchen, when they'd hung their heads and eyed me with furtive guilt. â€Å"What's going on, Jamie?† I pressed. â€Å"I'm not supposed to tell you,† he muttered. â€Å"And I'm not going to.† His arms wrapped tightly around my waist, and his face pressed against my shoulder. â€Å"Everything is going to be all right,† he promised me, his voice thick. I patted his back and ran my fingers through his tangled mane. â€Å"Okay,† I said, agreeing to accept his silence. After all, I had my secrets, too, didn't I? â€Å"Don't be upset, Jamie. Whatever it is, it will all work out for the best. You're going to be fine.† As I said the words, I willed them to be true. â€Å"I don't know what to hope for,† he whispered. As I stared into the dark at nothing in particular, trying to understand what he wouldn't say, a faint glow caught my eye at the far end of the hallway-dim but conspicuous in the black cave. â€Å"Shhh,† I breathed. â€Å"Someone is coming. Quick, hide behind the boxes.† Jamie's head snapped up, toward the yellow light that was getting brighter by the second. I listened for the accompanying footsteps but heard nothing. â€Å"I'm not going to hide,† he breathed. â€Å"Get behind me, Wanda.† â€Å"No!† â€Å"Jamie!† Jared shouted. â€Å"I know you're back here!† My legs felt hollow, numb. Did it have to be Jared? It would be so much easier for Jamie if Kyle were the one to kill me. â€Å"Go away!† Jamie shouted back. The yellow light sped up and turned into a circle on the far wall. Jared stalked around the corner, the flashlight in his hand sweeping back and forth across the rock floor. He was clean again, wearing a faded red shirt I recognized-it had hung in the room where I'd lived for weeks and so was a familiar sight. His face was also familiar-it wore exactly the same expression it had since the first moment I'd shown up here. The beam of the flashlight hit my face and blinded me; I knew the light reflected brilliantly off the silver behind my eyes, because I felt Jamie jump-just a little start, and then he set himself more firmly than before. â€Å"Get away from it!† Jared roared. â€Å"Shut up!† Jamie yelled back. â€Å"You don't know her! Leave her alone!† He clung to me while I tried to unlock his hands. Jared came on like a charging bull. He grabbed the back of Jamie's shirt with one hand and yanked him away from me. He held on to his handful of fabric, shaking the boy while he yelled. â€Å"You're being an idiot! Can't you see how it's using you?† Instinctively, I shoved myself into the tight space between them. As I'd intended, my advance made him drop Jamie. I didn't want or need what else happened-the way his familiar smell assaulted my senses, the way the contours of his chest felt under my hands. â€Å"Leave Jamie alone,† I said, wishing for once that I could be more like Melanie wanted me to be-that my hands could be hard now, that my voice could be strong. He snatched my wrists in one hand and used this leverage to hurl me away from him, into the wall. The impact caught me by surprise, knocked the breath out of me. I rebounded off the stone wall to the floor, landing in the boxes again, making another crinkly crash as I shredded through more cellophane. The pulse thudded in my head as I lay awkwardly bent over the boxes, and for a moment, I saw strange lights pass in front of my eyes. â€Å"Coward!† Jamie screamed at Jared. â€Å"She wouldn't hurt you to save her own life! Why can't you leave her alone?† I heard the boxes shifting and felt Jamie's hands on my arm. â€Å"Wanda? Are you okay, Wanda?† â€Å"Fine,† I huffed, ignoring the throbbing in my head. I could see his anxious face hovering over me in the glow of the flashlight, which Jared must have dropped. â€Å"You should go now, Jamie,† I whispered. â€Å"Run.† Jamie shook his head fiercely. â€Å"Stay away from it!† Jared bellowed. I watched as Jared grabbed Jamie's shoulders and yanked the boy up from his crouch. The boxes this displaced fell on me like a small avalanche. I rolled away, covering my head with my arms. A heavy one caught me right between the shoulder blades, and I cried out in pain. â€Å"Stop hurting her!† Jamie howled. There was a sharp crack, and someone gasped. I struggled to pull myself out from under the heavy carton, rising up on my elbows dizzily. Jared had one hand over his nose, and something dark was oozing down over his lips. His eyes were wide with surprise. Jamie stood in front of him with both hands clenched into fists, a furious scowl on his face. Jamie's scowl melted slowly while Jared stared at him in shock. Hurt took its place-hurt and a betrayal so deep that it rivaled Jared's expression in the kitchen. â€Å"You aren't the man I thought you were,† Jamie whispered. He looked at Jared as though Jared were very far away, as if there were a wall between them and Jamie was utterly isolated on his side. Jamie's eyes started to swim, and he turned his head, ashamed of showing weakness in front of Jared. He walked away with quick, jerky movements. We tried, Melanie thought sadly. Her heart ached after the child, even as she longed for me to return my eyes to the man. I gave her what she wanted. Jared wasn't looking at me. He was staring at the blackness into which Jamie had disappeared, his hand still covering his nose. â€Å"Aw, damn it!† he suddenly shouted. â€Å"Jamie! Get back here!† There was no answer. Jared threw one bleak glance in my direction-I cringed away, though his fury seemed to have faded-then scooped up the flashlight and stomped after Jamie, kicking a box out of his way. â€Å"I'm sorry, okay? Don't cry, kid!† He called out more angry apologies as he turned the corner and left me lying in the darkness. For a long moment, it was all I could do to breathe. I concentrated on the air flowing in, then out, then in. After I felt I had that part mastered, I worked on getting up off the floor. It took a few seconds to remember how to move my legs, and even then they were shaky and threatened to collapse under me, so I sat against the wall again, sliding over till I found my rice-filled pillow. I slumped there and took stock of my condition. Nothing was broken-except maybe Jared's nose. I shook my head slowly. Jamie and Jared should not be fighting. I was causing them so much turmoil and unhappiness. I sighed and went back to my assessment. There was a vast sore spot in the center of my back, and the side of my face felt raw and moist where it had hit the wall. It stung when I touched it and left warm fluid on my fingers. That was the worst of it, though. The other bruises and scrapes were mild. As I realized that, I was unexpectedly overwhelmed by relief. I was alive. Jared had had his chance to kill me and he had not used it. He'd gone after Jamie instead, to make things right between them. So whatever damage I was doing to their relationship, it was probably not irreparable. It had been a long day-the day had already been long even before Jared and the others had shown up, and that seemed like eons ago. I closed my eyes where I was and fell asleep on the rice.

Free Essays on Pompeii

The morning of August 24th 79 A.D. started out as any other day in Pompeii. The streets were full of people trying to do their daily chores and activities, unaware that it was the day that would be forever engraved in history. The Pompeians settled in that area mainly because of soil and agriculture, but were also mesmerized by the beautiful location. They did not know the dangers of the neighboring volcano and so believed themselves to be very lucky to find such a place. The Pompeians were led to immortalization by uncontrollable forces of nature and their lack of knowledge. Although a very unfortunate disaster, Pompeii provided future generations with a great deal of knowledge about their civilization. Campania, the region in western Italy where the site of Pompeii is located attracted its inhabitants with its fertility, rich soil and magnificent location. The main reason the Pompeians settled in Campania was for the soil. The ashes from previous eruptions had changed to rich, volcanic soil full of minerals, providing great agriculture. Some areas had up to three crops of grain per year. Historians have concluded, â€Å"In ancient times, the region’s crop yield was 6 times higher than the average of the rest of the peninsula.† However, the soil and the crops were not the only reason the Pompeians inhabited Campania. The splendid and magnificent location did its fair share in attracting the population. Pompeii was situated only 500 m from the Mediterranean Sea, which helped give it a warm, pleasant climate. Unfortunately, the Pompeians were not aware that this picturesque setting was hiding a deadly force hide it, and many souls were trapped and immortalized inside the â€Å"paradise† land. Due to the lack of evidence and knowledge, the people of Pompeii were shocked to have the mountain disrupt a typical day of their simple lives. Several authors say that the inhabitants of Pompeii were attending a performance in the amphitheate... Free Essays on Pompeii Free Essays on Pompeii Pompeii Pompeii is possibly the best-documented catastrophe in Antiquity. Because of it, we know now how the Pompeians lived because they left behind an extensive legacy of art, including monuments, sculptures and paintings. Pompeii lay on a plateau of ancient lava near the Bay of Naples in western Italy in a region called Campania, less than 1.6 kilometers from the foot of Mount Vesuvius. With the coast to the west and the Apennine Mountains to the East, Campania is a fertile plain, traversed by two major rivers and rich soil. However, in the early days, it was not a remarkable city. Scholars have not been able to identify Pompeii’s original inhabitants. The first people to settle in this region were probably prehistoric hunters and fishers. By at least the eight century B.C., a group of Italic people known as the Oscans occupied the region; they most likely established Pompeii, although the exact date of its origin is unknown. â€Å"The root of the word Pompeii would appear to be t he Oscan word for the number five, pompe, which suggests that either the community consisted of five hamlets or, perhaps, was settled by a family group (gens Pompeia)†(Kraus 7). In the course of the eight century B.C., Greek and Etruscan colonization stimulated the development of Pompeii as a city around the area of the Forum. A point for important trade routes, it became a place for trading towards the inland. Up until the middle of the 5th century B.C., the city was dominated politically by the Etruscans. In the course of the 6th century B.C., the influence of Greek culture is also documented by terracottas, ceramics and architecture. A group of warriors from Samnium, called Samnite, invaded the region in the 400’s B.C. Pompeii remained a relatively unimportant village until the 200’s B.C., when the town entered a prosperous period of building and expansion. The Romans defeated the Samnites, and Pompeii became part of the emerging Roman state. Pomp... Free Essays on Pompeii The morning of August 24th 79 A.D. started out as any other day in Pompeii. The streets were full of people trying to do their daily chores and activities, unaware that it was the day that would be forever engraved in history. The Pompeians settled in that area mainly because of soil and agriculture, but were also mesmerized by the beautiful location. They did not know the dangers of the neighboring volcano and so believed themselves to be very lucky to find such a place. The Pompeians were led to immortalization by uncontrollable forces of nature and their lack of knowledge. Although a very unfortunate disaster, Pompeii provided future generations with a great deal of knowledge about their civilization. Campania, the region in western Italy where the site of Pompeii is located attracted its inhabitants with its fertility, rich soil and magnificent location. The main reason the Pompeians settled in Campania was for the soil. The ashes from previous eruptions had changed to rich, volcanic soil full of minerals, providing great agriculture. Some areas had up to three crops of grain per year. Historians have concluded, â€Å"In ancient times, the region’s crop yield was 6 times higher than the average of the rest of the peninsula.† However, the soil and the crops were not the only reason the Pompeians inhabited Campania. The splendid and magnificent location did its fair share in attracting the population. Pompeii was situated only 500 m from the Mediterranean Sea, which helped give it a warm, pleasant climate. Unfortunately, the Pompeians were not aware that this picturesque setting was hiding a deadly force hide it, and many souls were trapped and immortalized inside the â€Å"paradise† land. Due to the lack of evidence and knowledge, the people of Pompeii were shocked to have the mountain disrupt a typical day of their simple lives. Several authors say that the inhabitants of Pompeii were attending a performance in the amphitheate...

Impacts Of Tourism On Natural Environment And Enhancement Tourism Essays

Impacts Of Tourism On Natural Environment And Enhancement Tourism Essays Impacts Of Tourism On Natural Environment And Enhancement Tourism Essay Impacts Of Tourism On Natural Environment And Enhancement Tourism Essay Before lucubrating the relativity of Tourism and environment, it is necessary to understand them individually. Relativity is to separate contrast and characterise between two different values for understanding their dependableness upon each other. Tourism is now a phenomenon, non merely a simple vacation activity. It besides has to be considered that touristry and tourer are two different features. Approaches differentiate consequently and it can be defined harmonizing to both apprehensions: It [ touristry ] is a human activity which encompasses human behavior, usage of resources, and interaction with other people, economic systems and environments. Bull, 1991:1 cited in Holden, A. ( 2008 ) . From mentioned definition touristry is chiefly focused on nature or societal facets, where writer has examined touristry on the footing of environmental features. Another apprehension could be from the personal position of a visitant or tourer, once more i would wish to advert a definition from Holden s authorship ; where he used another writer s definition to distinguish from the old point of position. Tourism as: an attitude to the universe or a manner of seeing the universe, non needfully what we find merely at the terminal of a long and backbreaking journey Franklin, 2003:33 cited in Holden, A. ( 2008 ) . This definition is more individualistic and from the position of a tourer as a individual entity. Here personal experience is more valuable for a consumer. Tourism is non a really old survey for universe but travel rebelliously is. Tourism is more of deriving an exceeding experience than a regular life, while travel can dwell of assorted grounds behind it. But harmonizing to Hunter and Green ( 1995, pp: 1 ) There is no universally accepted definition of touristry. This is non surprising, since what constitutes a tourist and the tourism industry are still affairs of argument. In footings of touristry, Environment is ever understood as a nature or ambiance of a finish or a topographic point which is used for touristry. Nature consists of mountains, H2O resources such as sea side, sea, rivers, waterfalls etc. Green environment includes workss, woods, Parkss, rain forests, safaris etc. when elaborated to wilderness it consists wild life, animate beings, forest species and so on. Socially ; heritage sites or cultural singularity is besides a portion of an environment. In environmental surveies it has normally been assumed that there exists a cardinal connexion between a society s direction of natural resources and its perceptual experience of nature. Brunn and Kalland ( 1995:1 ) cited in Holden, A. ( 2008 ) . Environmental surveies and accounts are huge and distributions of its features are important. If we look at it from a different position it seems environment consists of whole universe ( populating or non living existences ) including worlds, animate be ings, workss and resources. From development worlds are utilizing environmental resources. When observed this usage or loss, it is categorised as Environmental survey. Resistance and Resilience are two differentiations in this survey, where Resistance is tolerance of the site ( while acquiring used and still being undisturbed ) and Resilience is the ability to retrieve from the happened loss or alteration. Some sites have either qualities or some non. Hence due to its features, Hunter and Green ( 1995 ) stated that environment can be subdivided into three constituents as the physical environment or a biotic environment which includes solar energy, dirt, H2O and clime . Tourism and Environment are together: It is apprehensible that human engagement with environment tend to utilize the resources, if it ca nt assist to do them turn at least they can be saved from future amendss by usage of intelligent human behavior. Study of touristry environment is about understanding the cause and consequence regulation and to connote theories to protect the environmental loss due to mass touristry. It is besides important that Tourism should put along with the higher quality of environment and environment shall acquire benefit from it non the harm. No uncertainty every human action has its ain pros and cons and breakability of nature resources must non be earnestly harm by it. Tourism is without a uncertainty one of the universe s top profitable industries and pecuniary additions are higher ( whether on the cost of environment ) and relationship between touristry and environment can acquire equilibrate if fiscal net incomes get usage in the preservation plans or environmental sustainability. Impacts of Tourism on environment: All activities consume resources and bring forth waste, perchance all activities have a possible to botch the environment, and in same context Tourism is no exclusion. Tourism has developed as a largest industry and any activity happens at a mass degree decidedly leaves it s positive and negative impacts, such as touristry did in the yesteryear. Although non the instance that every environmental job is produced by touristry but still being a mass industry it affected on a wider platform. Whether its bring forthing a new site or a heritage site used for different prospective, somehow environment is acquiring a difficult clip by this. Tourism has some negative impacts on the environment. By pollution, Numberss of individuals utilizing limited resources, behavior of tourers while on vacations and so on are some of the causes which straight or indirectly affects environment. It may include both physical and cultural facets. Unless pull offing at all degree it is hard to supply specific c onsideration to each resource and this is how this becomes a negative facet towards touristry, environment has to pay such cost by loss to the natural scenes to beaches, coral reefs or heritage sites. Outflow caused by touristry chief concerns faced by touristry trade today. The sewerage waste from tourer resorts are drained into the rivers doing pollution in the river H2O and finally to sea bed, it extremely affects the marine life. Extreme usage of natural resource that is fossil fuel to bring forth energy for tourer activity, the activities of overfishing, unneeded usage of land H2O resources, are merely few of jobs which are created by touristry industry which in bend causes the decrease of the resource. As touristry grows, it besides give custodies to increased littering, assorted signifiers of pollution e.g. noise, H2O, air. Sewage and waste got increased sometimes to unmanageable degrees. Alongside demand for transit gets high and figure of vehicles green goodss legion gases and noise in air. In countries where resources are limited, touristry develops a sense of competition, taking to all kinds of debasement. Positive impacts: But we should non merely see at the dark side of the Moon if touristry has its costs, its wages back every bit good, as touristry grows it decidedly promote several other industries to lift side by side. Whenever a finish is selected to develop as a touristry finish authorities and planning beginnings put attempts for the regeneration of the topographic point. It consists of revival of an country or a site and beautifies the local environment. Thus this procedure brings new colorss to the site. Any critical site when comes under touristry position, its natural resources gets particular attending from the pull offing organic structures, where every bit educated touristry developers knows the value of a natural resource and maintaining this in head they prevent any abuse or harm to it. There is an pressing demand to understand the relationships between tourers, touristry and the environment. Many new signifiers of tourer ingestion revolve around environmental quality and the regard for nature. One more ground for the negative image of touristry might be that it is hard to extricate the impact of touristry from other signifiers of economic activity in certain finish countries . Shaw g. , Williams A.M. ( 2002 ) Numerous illustrations and instance surveies are available where touristry has proven a Jesus to submerging economic systems, along with economical benefits ; it is helpful in urbanization of dead towns. Due to tourism many concerns develop and people get employed, on a societal degree touristry keeps all communities together and connected. Any tourer s societal engagement and wonts are controlled by the behavior in which s/he is coming from and an penetration can be developed in order to derive positive response from tourers. Appropriate educational information system towards environment can be a really utile tool. Alternate touristry is developing: These all are some statements how a new strain of tourers is developing called eco-tourists and sustainability came in visible radiation in 80 s due to antecedently happened mass devastation in environmental resources. Sustainable Development construct came in attending from 1980 s and in March 1980, World Conservation Strategy ( WCS ) was prepared. IUCN, UNEP, WWF, FFO and UNESCO joined custodies for universe s living resources. WCS was a preservation scheme where ecosystem degradation-destruction, deforestation, desertification, pollution, dirt eroding and familial diverseness and extinction of species and many related issues were in treatment. The relationship between economic development and the preservation and nutriment of natural resources is construct of sustainable development. Though these ideas were already in air from many old ages at that clip but WCS discussed many drastic alterations go oning to environment and WCS was proven as a span between anterior ideas and ulterior actions. Another major result was constitution of WCED ( World committee on environment and development ) in 1983, Gro Harlem Brundtland ( PM Norway ) was appointed president for this committee and in 1987 he publicised a study known as Brundtland Report ( Our Common Future ) in which Sustainability were originally popularised Sustainable development is development that meets the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their ain demands ( Harmonizing to WCED 1987:43 ) cited in Hall, C.M. and Lew, A.A. 1998 Surely sustainability consists of scheme devising, saving of ecological procedures, protection of heritage and biodiversity, futuristic focused productiveness and balance between societal behavior and environment. Along with the planetary credence of International touristry, sustainability besides got recognised as a cardinal component towards long term good policies along with salvaging limited resources. Destination countries have developed to suit all these travelers, and having them and providing their demands has besides become portion of a day-to-day modus operandi. Development is a extremely contested construct and since the Second World War debates over what it is, and how to accomplish it, has gone through a figure of stages. International touristry has been a planetary phenomenon from centuries, but that packaging of touristry for mass ingestion dates back to the mid-19th century, when a specific service sector devoted to the mass ingestion of travel emerged, approximately parallel to the development of mass production in the industrial sector . Harrison, D. ( ed. ) ( 2001 ) As people are non tends to be flexible when it comes to implementing regulations and ordinance, particularly when visitants are on vacations, Author B Wheeller describes in his words. And what kind of touristic attack is needed is Tourism at one with nature ; non-consumption, non-exploitative, avoiding debasement and devastation of the environment , but instead touristry in harmoniousness, in balance with nature Wheeller, B. ( 1994 ) Based upon the statements and codes-of-conduct developed by touristry stakeholders, that the environment has been placed on the lineation as a major concern of how touristry is to be developed potentially. Academic Mentions: Brunn and Kalland ( 1995:1 ) cited in Holden, A. ( 2008 ) Environment and Tourism ( 2nd edition ) , Routledge ) Bull ( 1991:1 ) cited in Holden, A. ( 2008 ) Environment and Tourism ( 2nd edition ) , Routledge ) Franklin ( 2003:33 ) cited in Holden, A. ( 2008 ) Environment and Tourism ( 2nd edition ) , Routledge ) Hall, C.M. and Lew, A.A. 1998. The geographics of sustainable touristry development: an debut. Harlean carpenter: Longman. Harrison, D. ( ed. ) ( 2001 ) Tourism and the Less Developed World: Issues and Case Studies. Wallingford: CABI. Ch. 1. Holden, A. ( 2008 ) Environment and Tourism ( 2nd edition ) , Routledge. Hunter, C. and Green, H. ( 1995 ) Tourism and the Environment: A sustainable relationship? Routledge, London. Shaw G. , Williams A.M. ( 2002 ) 2nd erectile dysfunction. Critical issues in touristry: a geographical position: Oxford. Wheeller, B. ( 1994 ) Egotourism, sustainable touristry and the environment: a symbiotic, symbolic or shambolic relationship? in A.V. Seaton et al. , explosive detection systems. Tourism: The State of the Art, Wiley, Chichester.

The Hindu Religious Thoughts and The British Rule Essay

The Hindu Religious Thoughts and The British Rule - Essay Example This essay describes how politics and religion each influence the functioning of each other. Politics denotes the art of governing the affairs of a nation or a people. Different governments have risen in differing fashions. Religion on the other hand, underscores a collection of beliefs that determine or dictates a people’s moral and spiritual undertakings. Politics intersects with religion in the sense that they both influence the lives of the people that are under their control. Most of the European colonial powers used religion to colonize parts of the world. In this essay, the researcher discusses Hindu religious thoughts in light of the British rule. From the discussion, the researcher can conclude that religion and theology follow the same principles and that they serve to influence the lives of the followers. The discussion has revealed that religion and politics influence each other and that religion can help conquer and subdue imperialistic governments. The role of th e Hindu religious thought in the liberation of the people of India from the shackles of the British colonialists serve as an example of how a dedicated people can rise against oppression. The persistence of the Hindu religious thought also goes to show how a philosophy has withstood the various challenges and remained to command a massive following to this day. This discussion reveals what unity and determination can do. It also goes to show how difficult it is to convince a loyal follower of a philosophy to abandon his ways for a new one.

The Social Security Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Social Security Program - Essay Example The essay "The Social Security Program" talks about the social security program, the most efficient run program in all state oriented activities in the United States. Under the Social Security sector, aspects of pension income for the retirees, unemployment and fund assistance to the physically and financially challenged; are the major programs reflected. Involvement of insurance agencies and compensation companies and how they relate the persons mentioned above is also monitored by the Social Security program. The progress of these three aspect programs has undergone stiff completion. Maintenance and management of the pension income of the retired have been in the limelight of the actions of the Social Security. This has had success in ensuring the security of insurance and necessary compensation to the retirees over the years. This program has operated amidst its authoritative, incentive and capacitative techniques in order to offer quality services to the retirees. It is the first and main â€Å"Social Security† of America initiated initially for soldiers in 1776. Its vivid historical background of pension security is dated back to the era of civil wars whereby the retirees of the war were honored by paying them off a reduced amount from their original salaries. It was due to the fact that a lot of citizens were left orphaned and widowed by the dead war veterans. The pension fund has increased and broadened its wings to other professionals such as doctors, teachers among others.